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The ''Berkeley Tribe'' was a radical counterculture underground newspaper published in Berkeley, California from 1969 to 1972. It was formed after a bitter staff dispute with publisher Max Scherr split the nationally known ''Berkeley Barb'' into new competing underground weeklies. In July 1969 some 40 editorial and production staff with the ''Barb'' went on strike for three weeks, then started publishing the ''Berkeley Tribe'' as a rival paper, after first printing an interim issue called ''Barb on Strike'' to discuss the strike issues with the readership. They incorporated as Red Mountain Tribe, named after a popular brand of cheap California wine. ''Berkeley Tribe'' quickly positioned itself as more radical, counter-cultural and politically astute than Scherr's ''Barb''; it soon became more successful, surpassing an initial press run of 20,000 reaching a high point of 60,000 copies by the spring of 1970, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. The ''Tribe'' was published weekly from early July 1969 until May 1972; by that time the feminist-run newspaper went biweekly for its final issues, folding in May.〔(About this Newspaper: Berkeley tribe ). Chronicling America, Library of Congress, retrieved June 10, 2010.〕 Like the ''Barb'' it was sold on the streets of Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco by hippie street vendors; all staff were paid weekly with 100 copies which they too sold. ''Tribe'' was a member of the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS)—core staff were also involved with the start of UPS—and Liberation News Service. Original contributions included cartoons by Robert Crumb, Gilbert Shelton and Spain Rodriguez; news covers and illustrations by Stanley Mouse, Rick Griffin, Victor Moscoso, Matthew Steen and Gary Grimshaw; poetry and prose from Marge Piercy and Diane DiPrima; feminist writings by Jane Alpert and Robin Morgan; and original works by William Burroughs, Gary Snyder, Timothy Leary, John Sinclair and Baba Ram Dass, and photographs by Stephen Shames and Alan Copeland. ''Tribe'' reporters covered Bernadette Devlin's fractious fund raising tour on behalf of the Provisional Irish Republican Army; French New Wave film director Jean-Luc Godard's difficulties with his new film ''One Plus One'' about the Rolling Stones as well as his uncompleted film ''One P.M.'' and cinema verite; the world premiere of'' Woodstock'' in Hollywood; the gain of Native American pride with the seizure of Alcatraz Island by the American Indian Movement (AIM); the loss of hippie, flower child innocence at Altamont; the Yippie takeover of Disneyland; and the police murder trial of Los Siete de la Raza in San Francisco.〔〔A〕 The Oakland trial of Huey Newton was a weekly story and, later, staff covered the deadly shootout at the Marin County Courthouse, that killed a judge and the younger brother of George Jackson. == American underground press == Reflective of the paranoid tenor of the times, early on in the paper's history, staff voted to remove the staff masthead for security reasons but not until after the paper's contributors became known to the FBI and local police. ''Berkeley Tribe's'' two editorial and production offices, located on old Grove Street, were firebombed and subjected to sniper fire on several occasions during its publication heyday in the late 1960s. ''Tribe'' staff were forced into self-defensive measures, barricading its taped windows with double stacks of unsold issues to protect working employees. Other underground press around the country were in similar danger; in May 1972 the offices of ''The Great Speckled Bird'' in Atlanta were destroyed by firebombs; and Space City News in Houston was also firebombed.〔Leamer, Laurence, The Paper Revolutionaries : The Rise of the Underground Press (New York : Simon and Schuster, 1972)〕〔Mankad, Raj, "Underground in H-Town," OffCite, May 21, 2010〕 By the time ''Tribe'' formed, students and residents had organized People's Park. The final issue of the pre-strike ''Berkeley Barb'' publicized this new movement as ''Let a Thousand Parks Bloom'', a play on Chinese premier Chairman Mao Zedong's dictum in ''The Little Red Book'', over Scherr's objections and, in part setting the stage for the mass staff walkout. ''Tribe'' carried the public banner and cause of People's Park from that point forward. In May, prior to the founding of the ''Tribe'', collaborative work between students, residents and Barb staff culminated in the planting of People's Park on nearby vacant University property. This expropriation of property was counterpoint to the earlier eminent domain process the University had initiated in 1967 as part of its campus expansion plans; bound with this novel dialectical approach to community-University relations were the continuing issues of free speech and neighborhood services (from which the community control of police election issue would arise). During violent confrontations with local police over the next few days, 128 students were reported shot; one student, James Rector, was killed and another (Alan Blanchard) blinded by a shotgun blast.〔Rosenfeld, Seth. (The Campus Files: Reagan, Hoover and the UC Red Scare-Part 4: The governor's race ), ''San Francisco Chronicle'', June 9, 2002. Accessed July 23, 2008〕〔("One Killed, 120 Shot in People's Park Riots" )〕〔"People's Park in Photographs" Stephen Shames〕 At one point, the campus was overflown with helicopters dispensing airborne tear gas. Riots during the long hot summers of 1969 and 1970, along with the Kent State killings and shootings at Jackson State, assassinations of Black Panther Party members and growing national unrest over the Vietnam War consumed the editorial staff, who printed issue after provocative issue in reaction. It was after one polemical issue that Berkeley police used pepper gas on the offices of ''Tribe'' injuring staff members. The local sheriff, Frank Madigan admitted that some of his deputies (many of whom were Vietnam War veterans) had been overly aggressive in their pursuit of the protesters, acting "as though they were Viet Cong."〔http://www.beauty-reality.com/travel/travel/sanFran/peoplespark.html, retrieved 16 February 2007〕〔(Postscript to People's Park ), ''Time'', February 16, 1970. Accessed July 23, 2008.〕 As with many underground and alternative publications, ''Berkeley Tribe'' was graveyard-produced with new issues delivered mid-week. Political direction and advertising policy was determined by a three-person editorial board who acted as co-editors-in-chief, rotating semi-annually by majority vote of ''Tribe'' staff. Many of the paper's articles consisted of wry commentaries on war, civil rights, politics, police and city government and other social justice issues of the day. Each issue averaged 36–48 pages (its largest edition) with about 55% of page space devoted to display advertising, the bread and butter of all newspapers, daily or weekly. The newspaper published a weekly barometer of drug prices around the country and the world, which was syndicated through the Underground Press Syndicate, as well as recipes for molotov cocktails, later reprinted in ''Anarchist's Cookbook'', and telephone hacking, also reprinted in Steal This Book. Interleaved with editorial diatribes, news reporting, drug prices and anarchist recipes were cartoons by Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton including serials from Zap Comics. In late 1969, some record companies (Capitol and Columbia Records) began to cancel display advertising contracts and ''Berkeley Tribe'' started losing $7,000 in monthly revenue, making it more difficult to make $1100 weekly payments to their printer. In the meantime, a sharp drop in readership occurred with sales plummeting from a high-point of 60,000 copies to 29,000 in the space of a single month in November, according to ''Tribe'' business manager Lionel Haines.〔 This time period ushered in a new staff split, with about 14 of the more pacifistic, culturally oriented hippie staff leaving, after a fight with confrontational New Left staff who were pushing to make the paper more political, along the lines of the newly organized Weatherman. The regenerated staff included members of Weatherman, who started publishing communiques from leftist underground groups, printing a special Black Panthers edition promoting the United Front Against Fascism conference in Oakland and finally, the Declaration of War by the renamed and gender-neutral Weather Underground. The original communiques were often slipped under the front door of ''Tribe's'' editorial office, after the paper was put to bed. Further staff splits were still to arrive as national tensions were to be ratcheted by Nixon, Reagan and Rhodes in Ohio the following year. In its 6 March 1970, issue ''Tribe'' informed its readers in a collective editorial that the time had come to "pick up the gun" to combat police and military oppression, urging its Berkeley readers to buy weapons and form "People's Militia" units for self-defense. Staff, with the assistance of Richard Aoki and Black Panther Party members, started the International Liberation School and leased a gun range in the Berkeley hills. FBI surveillance vehicles were parked conspicuously near their offices on a daily basis. In June and July 1970 ''Tribe'' first published a Weather Underground-provided centerfold expose of Larry Grathwohl, an FBI infiltrator; then the first North American English-edition of The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, written by Brazilian revolutionary Carlos Marighella, in its entirety;〔("A Call to Arms" ) ''Berkeley Tribe'', March 6, 1970. Retrieved June 11, 2010.〕〔Peck, Abe. ''Uncovering the Sixties'' (New York: Pantheon 1985), p. 247.〕〔Goodman, Mitchell. ''The Movement for a New America'' (New York: Knopf, 1970), p. 594.〕 and, finally, a highly controversial cover --''Blood of a Pig''—creating yet another schism and the departure of the majority of editorial staff in protest of the newspaper's new militancy, feminist tilt and pro-Weatherman stance. A few weeks earlier the newspaper's front page consisted of a single quotation in large type from Ronald Reagan (at that time governor of California): "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with" and Governor Rhodes responded with bullets in Ohio. ''Berkeley Tribe'' continued publishing through mid-1972 but, by the end, arcane North Korean style revolutionary political jargon had come to dominate the underground newspaper, alienating much of ''Tribe's'' former audience.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Berkeley Tribe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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